PSY-261+Exam+2+Questions

=**Assigned Questions from Excel Sheet on Hawkins for Exam 2**=

1. What makes humans smarter than other animals? - The neocortical sheet of a human is larger than that of an animal. Humans are smarter because the cortex, in relation to body size, covers a larger area than animals.

2. What type of evidence indicates that the cortex is comprised of many functional? //-People with brain damage caused by strokes gave information about the localization of mental functions in the brain. For example, if Joe has damage to the right side of his parietal lobe, he is unable to perceive anything on the right side of his body.// 3. What is a hierarchical system? 4. What do the association areas of the cortex do? 5. What is the oversimplified view of cortical organization that Hawkins is arguing //- He describes the view that all cortical tissue is basically identical. All cortical tissue contains six layers which all perform the same functions. The way that they perform different functions is through connections.//

6. Describe the structure of a pyramidal cell. -//The structure of a pryramidal cell is like a pyramid...//

7. What is Mountcastle's organizing principle? 8. In what sense have scientists and engineers ignored Mountcastle's principles? 9. What types of evidence support Mountcastle's proposal? //-Evidence includes the ferrets eyes being rewired to the hearing section of the brain, the ability to learn thousands of languages, and the ability to adapt to weather conditions.// 10. What is the implication of the ferret "re-wiring" study?

11. Distinguish between a temporal and spatial visual pattern. p58 //TVP-pattern that "forms" in a time duration SVP-pattern that "forms" from different locations simultaneously.//

12. Distinguish between a temporal and spatial hearing pattern. p59 //THP-pattern that "forms" over time, like a song SHP-pattern of various frequencies at a moment in time.//

13. Why don't we need the senses to be intelligent?

14. What is the 100 step rule? Contrast with the steps a computer might need? //The brain solves any problem in under 100 steps. The computer needs billions of steps to solve the same problem. Evidence of the 100 steps is provided by the fact that neurons are much slower than transistors, yet problems are solved faster. The brain must use memories rather than churn computations.//

15. What is wrong with the notion that the brain is a parallel computer? //Even though there may be hundreds or thousands of computers working in parallel, the individual computers still need to perform billions or trillions of steps to accomplish their tasks. But a human brain can answer difficult problems in far less steps. Also, the brain doesn't compute answers to problems but it retrieves answers from memory.//

16. If the brain is not computing, what is it doing? //It is making predictions based on memory.//

17. What is an invariant representation? //-Invariant representation is how the brain stores information so that it can recognize something, even if sensory information is missing. (Ex.- trying to find sunglasses in glove compartment- you know they are sunglasses just by feeling their shape, don't have to see them)//

18. What are the four attributes of neocortical memory? //1) stores sequences of patterns 2) recalls patterns auto-associatively 3) stores patterns in an invariant form 4) stores patterns in a hierarchy//

19. Provide some real world examples of auto-associative memory? 20. Explain what is meant by memories not having fidelity, yet are not error prone. This means that memories for each person can be thought to be the truth for that specific person, but what they perceived in the spur of the moment might be wrong.

21. How do artificial and neocortical auto-associative memories differ? 22. Contrast the activity of cells in V1 with those in the facial recognition area. 23. How does Plato's theory of forms relate to the concept of invariance? - The brain's internal representation about an object doesn't change, although the details of objects change in real life. Plato said before birth humans are exposed to stable forms of things/objects in our minds. This allows us to recognize things in different forms.

24. What are robots terrible at? //-Robots are terrible at handling invariance. On the other hand, humans are able to reproduce similar motor patterns over and over again regardless of changes in the environment. For example, a human can put a key into a car's ignition even though each time the body may be oriented a little differently. A robot cannot handle this invariance. Its motor programs can't pick up the subtle changes and respond adequately.// 25. Relate melody recognition to invariants. 26. What invariants might be in a face?

27. Why must invariants be combined with most recent details? //- They must be combined so that predictions can be made and if changes need to be made// //the invariant representation can be adjusted.//

28. What was the “aha” experience that Hawkins had? //-Hawkins realized by asking what would happen if a new object appeared in his room. He realized that neurons in his brain that weren't active before would have to become active. He realized that our brains used stored memories to constantly make predictions about everything we see, feel, and hear. When the prediction is violated conscious attention is drawn to the error.//

29. What does Hawkins mean when he says that what we perceive does not solely come from 30. What does the brain use memories for?

31. What is implausible about the AI approach to detecting changes? //-The AI approach to detecting changing would be implausible because the computer thinks computationally as opposed to how our mind thinks. For the AI to work, it would have to have programmed environment of our entire world to detect any changes, which is implausible because there is an infinite amount of things that would need to be added to the program.//

32. What must sensory neurons do in order to predict? 33. Provide examples of the predictions your brain is constantly making. 34. Provide some examples of the predictions that go on in vision. 35. What happens when a prediction is wrong?

36. What is unique about the predictions the human brain makes? p96,101,104 //The human brain makes predictions about more abstract patterns and longer temporal pattern sequences. Also, our motor and planning abilities vastly exceed those of our closest animal relatives. Our neocortical algorithm is so powerful and flexible that with a little bit of rewiring, unique to humans, it can create new sophisticated behaviors.//

37. What is the relationship between prediction and intelligence? //A recalled memory is compared with a sensory input stream. It fills in current input and predicts what will be seen next. So the animal predicts the future by comparing actual sensory input with the recalled memory.//

38. Summarize Hawkins’ core argument. 39. As far as the brain is concerned are sensations and behaviors the same or differ

40. How are prediction and behavior intimately related? -//Other scientists believe(d) that your brain controls movement (like eyes receiving input) first and then you predict what happens next (like what you see, feel, or do). Therefore, assume your brain moves first and then it predicts what we see. Hawkins does not agree with this theory. He says that prediction comes before behavior (pg. 102).//

41. What is meant by the memory prediction framework of intelligence?

42. Provide examples that go on in vision that the brain is constantly making? - For example Hawkins talked about when you are talking to a friend and you are expected to see two eyes, a nose and a mouth and you end up seeing two eyes, two noses and a mouth. Because of this, a person might go into panic mode and this is when starring usual hhappens.